THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE 3-IN-1 AND ODD-EVEN POLICIES IN EFFORTS TO CONTROL TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN JAKARTA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24076/k2k1bg33Keywords:
Traffic Policy, 3-in-1 system, Odd-even policy, Public policy analysis, Traffic congestionAbstract
This study examines a comparative analysis between the 3-in-1 and Odd-Even traffic policies implemented in Jakarta as efforts to control congestion in the city. The main problem addressed is the ineffectiveness and sustainability of these traffic restriction systems in reducing congestion over time. The purpose of this research is to identify the differences in regulation, implementation mechanisms, outcomes, and advantages-disadvantages between the two policies. Using a qualitative descriptive method supported by document analysis, literature review, and interview results, the study evaluates both policies through the theoretical framework of Dye (2013), Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith (1993), and Grindle (1980). The findings indicate that the Odd-Even policy is more effective and transparent due to the integration of electronic enforcement systems and measurable environmental benefits, while the 3-in-1 policy, though initially simple and cost-efficient, faced issues of misuse and low compliance. The study concludes that technological integration and public participation are key to improving the sustainability of traffic management policies in Jakarta.
References
Arman Syah Putra. (2019). Smart City: Ganjil Genap Solusi atau Masalah di DKI Jakarta. Jurnal IKRA-ITH Informatika, 3(3), 1–10. http://journals.upi-yai.ac.id/index.php/ikraith-informatika/article/download/501/372
Azni, I. N., Prihantoro, W., & Saputra, Y. A. (2024). Optimizing public space design through odd-even policy: Reducing traffic congestion and pollution in DKI Jakarta. Journal of Placemaking and Streetscape Design, 2(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.61511/jpstd.v2i1.2024.888
Badan Pusat Statistik DKI Jakarta. (2024). Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor Menurut Jenis di DKI Jakarta Tahun 2024. Jakarta: BPS DKI Jakarta.
Dye, T. R. (2013). Understanding Public Policy (14th ed.). Pearson Education.
Dye, T. R. (2017). Understanding Public Policy. Pearson Education.
Grindle, M. S. (1980). Politics and Policy Implementation in the Third World. Princeton University Press.
Hasanah, U. (2012). Eksploitasi anak studi kasus joki three in one Senayan Jakarta. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Mu’allimah, A., & Mashpufah, N. (2021). The Effectiveness of the Odd-Even Policy in Reducing Traffic Congestion in Jakarta. Journal of Urban Policy and Transportation Studies, 9(2), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.31002/jupats.v9i2.354
Mu’allimah, & Mashpufah, R. N. (2021). Analisis Kebijakan Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta dalam. Jurnal Manajemen dan Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 3, 291–296.
Nugroho, A., Raga, P., Parhusip, V., Dianda, K., Prahma, B., & Nu, D. (2022). Pengaruh Pembatasan Kapasitas Transportasi Umum Ganjil Genap terhadap Mobilitas dan Dampaknya pada Efektivitas PSBB. Jurnal Sistem Transportasi & Logistik, 2(1), 21–31.
Nugroho, R., Sari, A. P., & Handayani, D. (2022). Evaluating Jakarta’s Odd-Even Traffic Policy: Compliance, Challenges, and Public Response. Indonesian Journal of Transportation Policy, 7(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.24843/ijtpolicy.2022.v07.i01.p03
Oktaviana, F., & Wahyudi, A. (2018). Evaluasi kebijakan 3-in-1 di Jakarta: Dampak terhadap lalu lintas dan implikasi sosial. Jurnal Transportasi Indonesia, 20(2), 105–117.
Ong, K. L., Stafford, L. K., McLaughlin, S. A., Boyko, E. J., Vollset, S. E., Smith, A. E., Dalton, B. E., Duprey, J., Cruz, J. A., Hagins, H., Lindstedt, P. A., Aali, A., Abate, Y. H., Abate, M. D., Abbasian, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, Z., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., ElHafeez, S. A., Abd-Rabu, R., … Vos, T. (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 402(10397), 203–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6
Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. (2016). Peraturan Gubernur DKI Jakarta Nomor 164 Tahun 2016 tentang Pembatasan Lalu Lintas dengan Sistem Ganjil Genap. Jakarta: Sekretariat Daerah.
Prasetyo, M. H., & Nur, A. F. (2021). Measuring the Impact of the Odd-Even Policy on Traffic Volume and Air Quality in Jakarta. Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan Kota, 12(3), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.28932/jtspk.v12i3.448
Prasojo, E., & Abdi Salam, A. (2022). DKI Jakarta’s Odd-Even Transportation Policy Formulation from the Perspective of Evidence-Based Policy. Policy & Governance Review, 6(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v6i1.439
Putra, A., & Riyanto, S. (2021). Behavioral Response to Odd-Even Policy Implementation in Jakarta. Journal of Policy Research, 9(3), 134–148.
Putra, H., & Riyanto, B. (2021). Efektivitas kebijakan ganjil-genap terhadap pola mobilitas masyarakat di Jakarta. Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Logistik, 8(1), 45–57.
Republik Indonesia. (2009). Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara.
Rema Hanna, Gabriel Kreindler, Benjamin A Olken. Citywide Effects of high-occupancy vehicle restrictions: edidence from “three- in -one in Jakarta”. Journal Economics. 8(2). 2017
Rinaldi, Y., & Aulia, M. (2020). Comparative Evaluation of 3-in-1 and Odd-Even Systems for Urban Traffic Management in Jakarta. Jurnal Transportasi dan Mobilitas Perkotaan, 8(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.32409/jtmp.v8i1.301
Sabatier, P. A., & Jenkins-Smith, H. C. (1993). Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach. Westview Press.
Sucahyo, A., Putri, D., & Mahardika, A. (2021). Public Perception and Socialization of Jakarta’s Odd-Even Policy. Jurnal Komunikasi dan Kebijakan Publik, 5(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkkp.2021.v5i2.671
Sucahyo, N., Nurlaela, L., & Waryono, R. R. (2021). Analisis Sentimen Masyarakat Jakarta terhadap Kebijakan Perluasan dan Perpanjangan Ganjil Genap di Media Sosial Twitter. Jurnal Teknologi Informatika dan Komputer, 7(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.37012/jtik.v7i1.506
Susilo, Y. O., Joewono, T. B., & Santosa, W. (2020). Evaluating the impacts of the odd–even traffic restriction policy in Jakarta, Indonesia. IATSS Research, 44(3), 138–146.
Sutanto, R. (2022). Urban Mobility Reform in Jakarta: From Traffic Restriction to Sustainable Transportation. Jurnal Kebijakan Publik Indonesia, 10(4), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.25077/jkpi.2022.v10i4.729
Utami, L. (2020). Policy Integration between Odd-Even Regulation and Public Transportation Development in Jakarta. Jurnal Administrasi Publik dan Transportasi, 6(2), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.31150/japt.v6i2.425
Zhang, L., & Ye, X. (2017). The effects of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) policy removal on urban traffic in Jakarta: An empirical analysis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 103, 279–294.
Zulkarnain, Z., & Ghiffary, A. (2021). Impact of Odd-Even Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Jakarta. International Journal of Technology, 12(5), 925. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i5.5227
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ammar Musaddad Thariq, Ridwan Ridwan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish articles in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal of Social Politics and Governance journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
