Dilema Tata Kelola Pengungsi Global: Penanganan Illegal Maritime Arrivals (IMA) di Australia
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Australia as one of the countries that signed the Convention of Refugee 1951 has an obligation to apply principle of non-refoulement in the handling of refugees and asylum seekers entering its territory. However, the issue of national security and domestic turmoil caused Australia to continue use restrictive policies in dealing with refugees and asylum seekers, especially those who came by the sea (boat people) and did not have official documents. They are called Illegal Maritime Arrivals (IMA). Giving the term “illegal” causes no distinction between IMA and smuggling/trafficking criminals. This paper aims to explain the existence of dilemma in the management of refugees especially in Australia in handling IMA. This research uses qualitative methods with secondary data sources from books, journals, articles and other sources related to the problem being studied. By using the concept of securitization approach in the paradigm of constructivism, this paper argue that the restrictive policies adopted by Australia as a form of protection of national interests. Australia experiences a dilemma in applying the principle of non-refoulement and protecting its national interests. This is challenge in the management of global refugees.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Akbar, R. (2015) Dampak Kebijakan Australia Terkait Isu Pencari Suaka Terhadap Hubungan Bilateral Australia-Indonesia (2013-2015).
Alunaza, H., Maulana, I., & Sudagung, A. D. (2018) ”The Pacific Solution as Australia Policy towards Asylum Seeker and Irregular Maritime Arrivals (IMAs) in John Howard Era", Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 14(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v14i1.2789.61-75
BBC News. (2013) UNHCR kritik Australia menangani pencari suaka (Online). Tersedia di: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia/2013/07/130726_unhcr_kritik_australia (Diakses: 22 December 2019).
Cadwallader, R. (2015) We Are Better Than This: Essays and Poems on Australian Asylum Seeker Policy. Australia: ATF Press Adelaide.
Ernawati, N. (2019) "Konsekuensi Hukum Penerapan Dua Kebijakan Australia selaku Anggota Konvensi Pengungsi Tahun 1951 di Tinjau dari Kovensi Wina 1969". Jurnal IUS, 7(1).
Evans, G. (2004) Foreign Policy and Good International Citizenship. (March 1990), 1–8.
Khoser, K. O. and G. G. (2014) Refugees And Migration. In T. G. Weiss & R. Wilkinson (Eds.), International Organization and Global Governance. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161724
Liputan 6. (2019) PBB Kritik Kebijakan Australia terhadap Pengungsi dan Pencari Suaka - Global Liputan6.com (Online). Tersedia di: https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/4082878/pbb-kritik-kebijakan-australia-terhadap-pengungsi-dan-pencari-suaka (Diakses: 22 December 22).
Marisa, N. L. M. A. (2018) Dilema Pemerintah Australia dalam Implementasi Prinsip Good International Citizenship pada Kebijakan terkait Pengungsi dan Pencari Suaka Pada Masa Pemerintahan Tony Abbott dan Malcolm Turnbull. Departemen Ilmu Hubungan Internasional FISIPOL UGM. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
McAdam, J., & Purcell, K. (2008) Refugee Protection in the Howard Years: Obstructing the Right to Seek Asylum. Australian Year Book of International Law, Vol. 27.
McDonald, M. (2005) Constructing insecurity: Australian security discourse and policy post-2001. International Relations, 3, 297–320.
McKenzie, J., & Hasmath, R. (2013) Deterring the ‘boat people’: Explaining The Australian Government’s People Swap Response to Asylum Seekers. Australian Journal of Political Science.
Millar, C. (2004) “Bali Process”-Building Regional Cooperation to Combat People Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons.Millar, C. (2004). “Bali Process”-Building Regional Cooperation to Combat People Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons. Speech by the Australian Ambassador f. Speech by the Australian Ambassador for People Smuggling Issues, Institute for the Study of Global Movements, Monash University, Melbourne, 29.
Nethery, A., Rafferty-Brown, B., & Taylor, S. (2012) Exporting Detention?: Australia-funded Immigration Detention in Indonesia. 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fes027
Nurcahyawan, T., & Andika, S. R. (2017) Permintaan Maaf Australia dan Prinsip Non Refoulement (Studi Kasus Pencari Suaka Sri Lanka). Jurnal Era Hukum, 2(1).
Perwita, A. A. B. P. (2008) "Signifikansi Perjanjian Lombok bagi Hubungan Indonesia dan Australia", Satria Studi Pertahanan, 4, No. 4.
Phillips, J. (2014) Boat arrivals in Australia: a quick guide to the statistics. Parliament of Australia.
Phillips, J., & Spinks. (2013) Boat arrivals in Australia since 1976. Parliament of Australia.
Republika. (2013) LSM Indonesia Kritik Kebijakan Australia Soal Pencari Suaka (Online). Tersedia di: https://www.republika.co.id/berita/internasional/abc-australia-network/13/08/17/mrn494-lsm-indonesia-kritik-kebijakan-australia-soal-pencari-suaka (Diakses: 22 Desember 2019).
Rizal, F. (2019) "Kebijakan Unilateral Penanganan Imigran Ilegal Australia Pasca Pemilihan Umum Australia Tahun 2013", Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 20(2), 137. https://doi.org/10.7454/global.v20i2.332
Rizka, R. A., & Prabaningtyas, F. (2015) Dampak Kebijakan Illegal Maritime Arrivals (IMA) Australia terhadap Hubungan Australia-Indonesia Kontemporer. 69–81.
Saraswati, D. A. (2019) "Sekuritas Migrasi Australia pada Masa Kepemimpinan Perdan Menteri Malcom Turnbull", Jurnal of International Relations Undip, 5, Nomor 3(1), 544–553. https://doi.org/.1037//0033-2909.I26.1.78
Sofyan, B. (2017) Menyikapi Arus Imigran Gelap Menuju Australia guna Mengamankan Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia dalam Rangka Ketahanan Nasional. (February).
Ulfah, N. (2019) "Perlindungan Keamanan Manusia Australia Melalui Kebijakan Turn Back The Boat Pada Masa Pemerintahan Tony Abbot", Journal of International Relations Undip, 677, 671–677.
UNHCR. (1951) Konvensi dan Protokol mengenai Status Pengungsi (Online). Tersedia di: https://www.unhcr.org/id/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2017/05/KonfensidanProtokol.pdf
Wuryandari, G. (2010). Menelaah Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia dalam Menyikapi Isu Perdangangan Manusia. Ejournal Politik LIPI.