Tinjauan Hukum Humaniter Internasional dalam Operasi Enduring Freedom Amerika Serikat ke Afghanistan dan Peran International Criminal Court (ICC)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24076/NSJIS.2019v2i1.142Keywords:
United States of America, Afghanistan, Geneva Law, Rome Statute, War, CrimesAbstract
The US military invasion to Afghanistan took place when the War on Terror declared by the United States after the incident in September, 2001 at World Trade Center. One of the military operations in this invasion was called Enduring Freedom. This research will discuss the violations committed by America in the invasion of Afghanistan, particularly during the Enduring Freedom operation, which it was reviewed through Geneva Law and The Rome Statute. The author using literature studies with qualitative methods. The author found that the violations of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and The Rome Statute Article 8 and 11 were carried out by America during the deliberate Enduring Freedom Operation. The violation was proven but the International Criminal Court (ICC) did nothing.
References
Buku
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Nasution, A. B dan Zen, A. P. M. (2006) Instrumen Internasional Pokok Hak Asasi Manusia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
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Jurnal
Casey, L. A. (2001) ‘The Case Against the International Criminal Court’, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol 25, Issue 3.
HZ, E. Deliana. (2011) ‘Penegakan Hukum Humaniter Internasional Dalam Hal Terjadinya Kejahatan Perang Berdasarkan Konvensi Jenewa 1949’, Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol. 2 No.1.
Kattelman, K.T. (2012). ‘Operation Enduring Freedom: Institutional Constraints, Alliance Commitments, and the Power Capabilities of Counterterrorism’. Journal of Terrorism Research, Vol 5. Issue 2.
Situs Web
Bhaskara, Ign. L. A. (2018) Awal dari ‘War on Terror’: Serangan Amerika Serikat ke Afghanistan [online]. Available at: https://tirto.id/awal-dari-039war-on-terror039-serangan-as-ke-afganistan-c3Q6 (Diakses: 12 Februari 2019).
Bush, G.W (2002). The White House Washington [online]. Available at: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/nssintro.html (Diakses: 6 Maret 2019).
Davert, D. (2018) Will the International Criminal Court Prosecute Americans Over Afghanistans? [online]. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddavenport/2018/03/26/will-the-international-criminal-court-prosecute-americans-over-afghanistan/#433f68ff10a5 (Diakses: 14 Februari 2019).
Human Rights Watch. (2004) Enduring Freedom Abuses by U.S. Forces in Afghanistan [online]. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/03/07/enduring-freedom/abuses-us-forces-afghanistan (Diakses pada 18 Maret 2019).
Lambert, S. B. (2005) Operation Enduring Freedom An Assessment [online]. Available at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9148/index1.html (Diakses: 6 Maret 2019).
Martowirono, H. S. (2001) ‘Azas Pelengkap Statuta Roma 1998 tentang Pengadilan Pidana Internasional’, [online]. Available at: jhp.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/download/1290/1212 (Diakses: 4 Maret 2019).
Widyaningrum, G. L. (2018) Kronologis Serangan 9/11, Runtuhnya Menara Kembar, dan Osama Bin Laden [online]. Available at: https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13935227/kronologis-serangan-911-runtuhnya-menara-kembar-dan-osama-bin-laden?page=all (Diakses: 14 Maret 2019).
Chang, I. (2009) The Rape of Nanking; The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Narasi.
Effendi, M dan Ecandri, T. S. (2007) HAM dalam Dinamika: Dimensi Hukum, Politik, Ekonomi, dan Sosial. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.
Haryomataram, K.G.P.H. (2005) Pengantar Hukum Humaniter. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Nasution, A. B dan Zen, A. P. M. (2006) Instrumen Internasional Pokok Hak Asasi Manusia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Sujatmoko, A. (2015) Hukum HAM dan Hukum Humaniter. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Jurnal
Casey, L. A. (2001) ‘The Case Against the International Criminal Court’, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol 25, Issue 3.
HZ, E. Deliana. (2011) ‘Penegakan Hukum Humaniter Internasional Dalam Hal Terjadinya Kejahatan Perang Berdasarkan Konvensi Jenewa 1949’, Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol. 2 No.1.
Kattelman, K.T. (2012). ‘Operation Enduring Freedom: Institutional Constraints, Alliance Commitments, and the Power Capabilities of Counterterrorism’. Journal of Terrorism Research, Vol 5. Issue 2.
Situs Web
Bhaskara, Ign. L. A. (2018) Awal dari ‘War on Terror’: Serangan Amerika Serikat ke Afghanistan [online]. Available at: https://tirto.id/awal-dari-039war-on-terror039-serangan-as-ke-afganistan-c3Q6 (Diakses: 12 Februari 2019).
Bush, G.W (2002). The White House Washington [online]. Available at: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/nssintro.html (Diakses: 6 Maret 2019).
Davert, D. (2018) Will the International Criminal Court Prosecute Americans Over Afghanistans? [online]. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddavenport/2018/03/26/will-the-international-criminal-court-prosecute-americans-over-afghanistan/#433f68ff10a5 (Diakses: 14 Februari 2019).
Human Rights Watch. (2004) Enduring Freedom Abuses by U.S. Forces in Afghanistan [online]. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/03/07/enduring-freedom/abuses-us-forces-afghanistan (Diakses pada 18 Maret 2019).
Lambert, S. B. (2005) Operation Enduring Freedom An Assessment [online]. Available at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9148/index1.html (Diakses: 6 Maret 2019).
Martowirono, H. S. (2001) ‘Azas Pelengkap Statuta Roma 1998 tentang Pengadilan Pidana Internasional’, [online]. Available at: jhp.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/download/1290/1212 (Diakses: 4 Maret 2019).
Widyaningrum, G. L. (2018) Kronologis Serangan 9/11, Runtuhnya Menara Kembar, dan Osama Bin Laden [online]. Available at: https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13935227/kronologis-serangan-911-runtuhnya-menara-kembar-dan-osama-bin-laden?page=all (Diakses: 14 Maret 2019).
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Published
30-06-2019
Issue
Section
Research Article
How to Cite
Ismadi, R., Putranto, A.B. and Pratiwi, T.S. (2019) “Tinjauan Hukum Humaniter Internasional dalam Operasi Enduring Freedom Amerika Serikat ke Afghanistan dan Peran International Criminal Court (ICC)”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, 2(1), pp. 11–24. doi:10.24076/NSJIS.2019v2i1.142.
